The s Model For Health Inequalities - 2115 Words

Using the Williams (1997) ‘basic causes’ model for health inequalities, the role of Maori ethnicity in health will be examined. In particular, the significant disparities regarding cardiovascular disease rates in Maori compared to the ‘dominant’ group in society will be addressed. The model will be worked through backwards, starting with the health status of Maori relating to cardiovascular disease rates. The different levels of causation will then be focused on from the biological process and response level, to the surface causes and proximal pathways, then to social status, and then addressing the underlying overall basic causes including racism and colonisation. Beginning with the final section of the Williams (1997) ‘basic causes’ model, being the health status resulting from the prior sections in this model, cardiovascular disease in Maori will be addressed and the disparities when compared to the dominant group in society. The cardiovascular disease burden falls disproportionately and inequitably on the Maori population (Curtis, Harwood, Riddell, 2007). Cardiovascular disease accounts for a third of the deaths in Maori people, with it being their most prevalent cause of mortality. Between 2000 and 2004, the death rates for Maori with cardiovascular disease were 2.3 times higher than the rate for non-Maori (Robson Purdie, 2007). Cardiovascular disease, of all chronic conditions, is the main cause of the disparities in life expectancy increasing between Maori andShow MoreRelatedSocio Economic Class And Health Inequality1174 Words   |  5 Pageshas been linked to health inequality ever since the mid-19 century, when reported the living condition of the poor. Chadwick, E.1842 reported that the average life expectancy in Bethnal Green was 45 for professional but only 16 for labourers. Concern about inequality within the population in the early 20th century was offered as one major justification for the setting up of National Health Service (NHS) based on the recommendation of the Beverage report (1942). The health inequality still exists relatingRead MoreHealth: A Major Social Issue1425 Words   |  6 PagesHealth is something that many would not associate as being a social issue, yet many sociologists have argued that it is a major social issue. They argue that the way we experience and understand health is dependent upon society. In 1946, the World Health Organisation (WHO) defined health as, â€Å"a state of complete physical, mental and social well-being† (WHO, 2003). This definition is very holistic in the sense that it encompasses all aspects of a person’s life. It is also very ideal istic and unattainableRead MoreHealthcare Inequality in the United Kingdom1849 Words   |  7 PagesHealthcare Inequality and the UK Poor The United Kingdom is one of the most technologically advanced and financially able countries in the European Union and the world. According to economic scale, the UK has the sixth largest economy (by GDP) in the world and the third ranked economy in the European Union (behind only Germany and France). However, the united kingdom has some of the largest healthcare inequalities in all of the EU. A recent study by the House of Commons Health Committee (2009)Read MoreEscaping the Traps to Find Success692 Words   |  3 Pages1. It is possible but difficult to escape all the traps. 2. Inequality Factors 3. Government 4. Developing Nations 5. Corruption 6. China ´s Private Sector 1. It is possible but difficult to escape all the traps. 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There is a long established tradition of800 Words   |  4 Pages1. Does Gender Equality Contribute to Economic Growth? There is a long established tradition of estimating growth models within the economics discipline. Early models took labor as a ‘given’ factor of production, exogenously determined by rates of population growth. There was very little coverage for exploring the human, leave alone the gender, dimensions of growth in these models (Walters, 1995). This changed with the rise of endogenous growth theory and the bigger reputation given to the accumulation

The Best Practices, Guidelines, And Clinical Pathways For...

Introduction This essay will inform readers about the best practices, published guidelines, and clinical pathways for management of diabetes. Diabetes is a serious issue that affects millions of people. Unrecognized pre diabetes is also a growing concern that is increasing dramatically. Diabetes is not diagnosed for most homeless people, because they do not do have a yearly physical check-up. Published guidelines are useful to patients and practitioners because they focus on the improvement of care. Clinical pathways are also important, because they focus on the outcome and assessment of their achievement. Best practices Diabetes mellitus (DM) is a pandemic that affects millions of people. The growth rate of unrecognized pre-diabetes in America is expected to rise up to 52% by 2020 (Lorenzo, 2013). As the prevalence of diabetes increases, so will the complications and burden of the disease. One of the leading causes for cardiovascular disease, renal failure, nontraumatic lower limb amputations, stroke, and new cases of blindness is DM (Lorenzo, 2013). In 2002, among adults, there was an estimated 8.7% prevalence of diabetes. However, rather than there being a prevalence of the disease in the population as a whole, it was found more in specific population subgroups, such as the homeless population. There are certain risk factors these subgroups have that are either associated with diabetes or directly cause it. There is never a 100% correlation of development of diabetesShow MoreRelatedNursing Management Of A Patient Who I Have Looked After During My Placement1407 Words   |  6 PagesIn this essay, I aim to evaluate the nursing management of a patient who I have looked after during my placement. The setting is High Dependency Unit and the study is based on single day of my placement. I will be using a pseudonym to refer my patient to protect her identity and respect her confidentiality according to code: Standards of conduct, performance and ethics for nurses and midwives (2008). Full consent was obtained from the patient to cond uct this study. Dorothy Smith is a 77 years oldRead MoreThe Management Of Patients With Diabetes1303 Words   |  6 Pages Diabetes mellitus MANAGEMENT The management of patients with diabetes is classified in the current review under the following categories: a) Non-Pharmacological, b) Pharmacological, c) Monitoring of glycemic control, d) Prevention, e) Clinic organization and f) Referral and admission. The psycho-social impact of the disease should not be underestimated. 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International Business Globalization

Question: Discuss about theInternational Businessfor Globalization. Answer: Introduction Globalization has led to rapid change in the environment and has caused a change in pattern of conducting business. International business pattern are changing due to high level of competition and changing environment. To be more effective and efficient it is necessary to adopt the changes which the world is facing in todays scenario. An organization which enters in the global market with an appropriate strategy is more successful than the other organizations. Various countries has opened there doors to establish commercial relationship with other. Globalization helps in integration of economy and has created ample of opportunities for different companies. Rapid growth in the business has led to emergence of the Asia-Pacific market. The Asian culture has a diversified customs, traditions, and societal standards Asia is land of opportunities which have attracted many industrialists down the ages. It is the best place to conduct the business due to availability of ample of resources an d provides a huge market to the seller. It is due to the Asian culture and diversity that has created various opportunities for the western countries to adopt a strategic tool for making an investment in the industry (Johnson Turner.2004) (Mitchell.2009). Analysis of the Asia-Pacific Market The success of the western countries is due to their approach towards accepting the mode of conducting business in Asia. The region of the Asia-Pacific has a diverse and unique culture which attracts people and company from different places. The business environment in these countries is very different because of the diversity in economic and social parameters. Asians are more attached to their roots and has a serious approach of conducting business whereas Australia has a different approach. It is an accepted truth that the culture plays a crucial role in deciding the pattern of business. Cultural diversity in Asian countries is given more preference rather than any other aspect (Andexer.2008). It is necessary for the international organization to understand the behavior of every individual before commencing business on foreign land. Firstly it is essential for the organization to divide the market as per the availability of resources with them. It is necessary to understand the role of various elements like government, cultural requirements, religious beliefs and the business practices (Armstrong.et al.2014). The Asia-Pacific is divided into various regions which has variety of features. The region is divided into four major parts and each different part exhibits its own cultural background and business environment. East Asia It consists of the countries like China, Japan, and Hong-Kong etc. This region has a developed economy and provides a huge market to the western countries. China is the dominant leader in this region which has influenced the trade practices of this region. This region has similar business culture and environment (Valentin.2014). South-East Asia This part of Asia consists of the part of the main and maritime places. Thailand, Cambodia, Vietnam, Singapore, etc. are the part of the south-east Asia. These countries exhibit a mixture of trade practices which is influenced by India and china. The economy of these countries varies from place to place and shows a combination of business culture. West Asia The west Asian countries includes Iran, Iraq, Syria, Turkey, UAE, Kuwait etc. These countries form the major part of the western Asian countries which exhibit a different business culture from the other part of the Asia. The region is influenced by Islam and has a different set of business practices from the other region. Central Asia It consists of the countries like Tajikistan, Uzbekistan, Afghanistan, Pakistan, etc. The region is influence by the Islamic culture. The central region of the Asia has ample of business opportunities for the foreigners. The region is mostly influenced by the neighboring countries like India, china and Arabian culture which has helped in developing the business practices in this region (Kuil.2008). Overview The cultural diversity in different regions has attracted many western countries to conduct business trade. Asia provides a huge market to the business personnel from different region due to a variety of economic and demographic variance. The cultural atmosphere and variety of economy has created opportunities for traders in different categories. The Asian countries have developed a platform for the western business organization to prosper the availability of resources. The region has created abundant opportunities because of the economic and cultural feasibility. It is due to the favorable atmosphere. The economy of the countries is driven by the government where majority of rule regarding the international business practices are taken by the government. For an Australian enterprise it is essential to adopt a business functions as per the countries environment. The way of operating business in Asian countries is different from the Asian countries. Moreover Australia exhibit an infor mal structure of business whereas the majority of business culture in the Asian countries is formal and systematic (Kaynak Chan.2014). Bulla Dairy Foods The company is one of the major dairy companies of Australia which exports a variety of products like ice cream, yogurt, cottage cheese etc. The company is engaged in exporting the dairy products in China and has recently signed a China-Australia Free trade agreement to export the dairy products in its different parts. Recently Australia has seen a vast demand of the dairy products from the rest of the world. The new trade agreement has created opportunities for both China and Australia. The company has adopted a significant plan by emphasizing on innovation and new technology (Bulla Foods welcomes FTA.2015) (Kaye.2010). Bulla Dairy Foods has expanded its business in China due to ample of growing opportunities. The vast Chinese market has created various opportunities for the dairy companies to export their products (Dairy Australia.2016). China Globalization has created a lot of opportunities at different places of the world to expand their business operations and increase the investments. China is a communist economy where the majority of decisions regarding the business practice are carried by the government. For an Australian enterprise it is essential to study the market before taking an initiative in making an investment. China being the largest populated country has lots of opportunities for the foreign market. It is necessary to understand the various aspect of the local business area before making entering into the market (Chaisse Gugler.2009) (Worm.2008) Pestle Analysis Pestle analysis helps in analyzing the strategies in term of Political, Social, economic, Technological, environmental, legal aspect of strategy implementation. It gives a clear overview before initiating in any business function. Political Factors The government in China has a high degree of influence in the business practices. The Chinese government put various restrictions on the international companies. This is a serious issue which restricts smooth flow of business in the country. There are majority of law which restricts the business enterprise to conduct a smooth trade (Cui Liu.2000) Economic China is a developed economy with a well-developed infrastructure and opportunities. They have the world largest market with a variety of reformative policies. The Chinese economy is mostly upper middle class which are ready to make purchases. Their standard of living is higher and this provides them with a great investment power Social An Australian enterprise may find difficulty in expanding their business in Australia due to restrictive social culture. For conducting business in the local market it is essential to know the local language. There are more social and cultural restrictions which poses a threat on the foreign business person while carrying smooth trade (Dlabay.et al.2016). Technology The country is technologically more advanced when compared with the other countries. They use the best technology and are mostly dependent on the machines to fulfill the objectives. Technology plays a necessary role in the today world. It is seen that the country which has adopted a high-end technology are making development at a faster rate than the other countries (Fletcher Crawford.2013). Environment The rapid industrial development has posed various restrictions on the environmental condition of the country. It was cited in a report that seven out of ten countries in China are highly polluted in the world. This is due to quick industrialization practices. The county is going through various environmental issues which may pose a serious threat on the Australian enterprise while expanding its business in China Legal In order to have foreign investment the Chinese government has made various legal rules and regulations which have helped in removing the trade barriers in the country. The various laws like company la of people republic; income tax law etc. has involved major concern while regularizing the international organization in practicing trade inside the country. Advantages of Diversity Economic, Social and demographic diversity plays an essential role while expanding the business in the various places. An Australian enterprise has to think over various issues while expanding its business in China. Strategy formulation and implementation is essential while expanding business functions in the other countries. A thorough study of the local economy is recommended before entering into the market. China is already self-sufficient in meeting its local needs. The procedure in the country is difficult to accommodate the foreign business personnel. The diversified culture provides opportunities to the foreign business person to expand the business activities under acute pressure. The economic changes are only adoptable if the business enterprise studies the individual and organizational behavior before introducing any change. Difference in Between the Australian and Chinese Market The Chinese market has a vast cultural influence than the Australian market. China is a big market which attracts attention of many industries. The old business routes derive their bases from China. The Asian way of conducting business is different from the Australians. Whereas Australian approach towards business is informal, China follows a formal approach towards business. The Australian enterprise has to realize the opportunities in the external market. China is a self-sufficient economy with a high standard of living. There is a vast difference in the business culture and the organizational structure. New businesses have to realize the growing opportunities in the Chinese market (Chaisse Gugler.2009). Bulla Dairy entered the Chinese market in the year 2010 due to a demand of dairy product. It is recommended to the enterprise to supply the goods keeping in mind the quality standards as the Chinese government follows strict legal policies. There should be a regular supply of dairy product so that any other competitor does not replace the place of Bulla Dairy Product. Further the company should adhere to the rules and guidelines which are essential while enhancing the business on a foreign land (Home.2016). Recommendation China is the largest populated country in the world with a diversified resources and ample of opportunities but it is recommended to study the local market and its requirements before making an investment. It is a developed economy and has sufficient resources to satisfy its needs. It is recommended to read the local market and plan the expansion strategies as per the market. The government policies in China are very rigid it is advised before to read the mandatory rules and guidelines for understanding the local market. Chinese are very close to their hence it is recommended to frame business plans keeping in mind the sentiments. Recommendation to Bulla Dairy Foods Bulla Dairy entered the Chinese market in the year 2010 due to a demand of dairy product. It is recommended to the enterprise to supply the goods keeping in mind the quality standards as the Chinese government follows strict legal policies. There should be a regular supply of dairy product so that any other competitor do not replace the place of Bulla Dairy Product. Further the company should adhered to the rules and guidelines which are essential while enhancing the business on a foreign land. Conclusion Asia-pacific is the land of vast opportunities; moreover it attracts the western countries to establish the trade relationship. The report is about the requirement to meet the demands which are growing in the Chinese market. It is highly recommended to an organization to check its growth and model before entering in a foreign country. Asia-pacific is influenced by culture and the population living in these areas varies from place to place. Bulla dairy product entered the Chinese market in the year 2010 by signing a trade agreement. International business is a growing concept which is necessary to attain significant growth. Global market provides various opportunities for the organization to increase the revenues. Australian companies needs to adopt a strategy while enhancing business opportunities on the foreign land. It is recommended to accept the cultural diversity and to proceed accordingly which will help to attain the objective. The enterprise is recommended to mound its busine ss operations as per the economy of the host country. References Andexer, T.2008. Analysis and Evaluation of Market Entry Modes into the Asia-Pacific Region: Based on the Example of a German SME in the Industrial Goods Business. GRIN Verlag Armstrong, G.et al. 2014.Principles of Marketing. Pearson Australia Bulla Foods welcomes FTA.2015. Online. Retrieved from: https://adf.farmonline.com.au/news/magazine/industry-news/general/bulla-foods-welcomes-fta/2722462.aspx Accessed on: 10 October 2016 Chaisse, J. Gugler, P.2009. Expansion of Trade and FDI in Asia: Strategic and Policy Challenges. Routledge Cui, G. Liu, Q.2000.Regional market segments of China: opportunities and barriers in a big emerging market", Journal of Consumer Marketing, Vol. 17 Iss: 1, pp.55 72 Dairy Australia.2016. Online. Retrieved from: https://www.dairyaustralia.com.au/Markets-and-statistics/Production-and-sales/Production-Summary.aspx Accessed on: 10 October 2016 Dlabay, L.et al.2016. Principles of Business. Cengage Learning Fletcher, R. Crawford, H.2013. International Marketing: An Asia-Pacific Perspective. Pearson Higher Education AU Home.2016.Online.Retrieved from: https://www.bullafoodservice.com.au/products Accessed on: 10 October 2016 Johnson, D. Turner, C.2004. International Business: Themes and Issues in the Modern Global Economy. Routledge Kaye, T.2010. Keeping it in the family pays off: Bulla Dairy Foods. Online. Retrieved from: https://www.theaustralian.com.au/archive/business/keeping-it-in-the-family-pays-off-bulla-dairy-foods/story-e6frg9hf-1225911104328 Accessed on: 10 October 2016 Kaynak, E Chan, T.2014. Consumer Behavior in Asia: Issues and Marketing Practice. Routledge Kuil, A.2008. Strategies of Multinational corporations in the emerging markets China and India. diplom.de Mitchell, C.2009. A Short Course in International Business Culture. World Trade Press Valentin, E. 2014. Business Planning and Market Strategy. SAGE Publications Worm, V.2008. China: Business Opportunities in a Globalizing Economy. Copenhagen Business School Press DK

Primates of Our Time an Example by

Primates of Our Time Exploitation of animals by science for testing newly-invented drugs has been the topic of debates all over the world, especially in Europe and the United States. Mankinds apparent granting, during the past decades, of some form of rights to animals only resulted in raising new questions to old problems, creating a great divide among our political leaders and among the scientists themselves. Apes in particular, being the genetically-closest animal to man, have recently been the cause of debates among the moralists of our society. Need essay sample on "Primates of Our Time" topic? We will write a custom essay sample specifically for you Proceed Undergraduates Frequently Tell EssayLab specialists: How much do I have to pay someone to write my essay in time? Essay writer professionals recommend: Follow Essaylab Writing Service Main Body In the United States alone, over 60,000 laboratory experiments are being done on primates yearly. While in Europe, despite the successful banning of experimentation on the great apes like gorillas, chimpanzees, and orangutans, 10,000 experiments yearly are still being done on marmosets and macaques, which Britain has the most with over 4,000 (McKie, 2008). With these staggering numbers of experiments done in the name of Medicine, it is not surprising for some scientists to have differing opinions. Against Among those who are for the total prevention of experimentation on primates, inhumane system and cruelty have been the main concern, especially with the case of the primates, easily one of the most intelligent creatures on our planet. In a report by Fund for the Replacement of Animals in Medical Experiments, or Frame, they stated that the excruciatingly painful procedure and the condition of a lifetime of medical operations make it unethical to pursue such studies for the sake of human illness (McKie, 2008). Two past incidents are being cited by Nicky Gordon, of Dr. Hadwen Trust for Humane Research, as examples of the need to put a stop to these types of experiments. One of which is the case with animal tests for cosmetics. Earlier allegations by some that no other alternatives exist other animal testing on cosmetics were proven false. After the implementation of its banning, the scientists were quick to find alternative means. Banning on the use of primates would result in the same conclusion, they attest (McKie, 2008). Another is the repeated laboratory findings that despite of malaria vaccines being tested successfully in primates, it has not resulted in humans developing immunity for the virus, thus putting all the exhaustive studies to waste. In Favor An Oxford neuroscientist, Tipu Aziz, is one of those in favor of the continued experimentation on primates. He explains that it was through this method that he learned of the correct way of driving electrodes into the brains of his patients suffering from Parkinsons disease, resulting in immediate relief for the patients (McKie, 2008). He further states that banning would force him to stop further and ongoing studies for the treatment of Alzheimers, motor neuron diseases, cardiovascular arrest, and many others (McKie, 2008). Professor Roger Morris, of Kings College London, seconds Aziz. He explains that the few experiments being done on primates are for the alleviation of human suffering. He cites as an example Parkinsons disease, where sacrificing a few thousand primates would greatly benefit hundreds of thousands of people suffering from this as well as their families (McKie, 2008). But perhaps their most authoritative ally is the European Commission itself. In its official response regarding this subject as reported by McKie, it stated that, Primate Research is unavoidable in developing treatments for auto-immune diseases such as multiple sclerosis, infections such as HIV or SARS, and neurological illness such as Alzheimers (2008). Making a Stand With the facts presented, along with a number of expert opinions clearly stated, the final decision seems to become a choice between preserving the animal rights of primates and reassuring the continuity of medical and clinical researches in finding a cure to mankinds lingering illnesses and often very much fatal forms of viruses. The choice is quite easy to make. Common psychological assumption which states that, the lowest ranking or the most demented human being is still worth much more morally than the smartest animal, would fit perfectly. Comparison holds true between an infant and a trained dog; or an insane man to a bobcat; or a former heavy weight champion suffering from Parkinsons to a youthful, muscle-bound gorilla, and so forth. We are witnesses even in religious tenets of this truth. Nowhere in all the Bibles of world religions will we find God, Jehovah, Allah, or even Zeus, allowing mankind to be martyrs of illnesses in place of animals. Perhaps what the social moralists of our time have been wanting is for the primates sufferings to be stopped, or lessened at the very least. If by amending a law that assures consistent growth of the primates population is the cause of all the commotion, then perhaps it is best to amend one. If by using ample dosages of anesthesia would be diminish the pain of both the primate being examined on the lab table and the humans clamoring for a change in the system, then it might be best to let them both have their way. After all, it is for the betterment of both species. Work Cited McKie, Robin. Ban on Primate Experiments Would be Devastating, Scientists Warn.

Computer Forensics

Computer Forensics The Internet is growing explosively, as is the number of crimes committed against or using computers. As a response to the growth of computer crime, the field of computer forensics has emerged. Computer forensics involves carefully collecting and examining electronic evidence that not only assesses the damage to a computer as a result of an electronic attack, but also to recover lost information from such a system to prosecute a criminal. With the growing importance of computer security today and the seriousness of cyber crime, it is important for computer professionals to understand the technology that is used in computer forensics. This paper will discuss the need for computer forensics to be practiced in an effective and legal way. It promotes the idea that the competent practice of computer forensics and awareness of applicable laws is essential for today's organizations.Computer ForensicsAs technology has advanced, computers have become incredibly powerful.John Wilkes authored p amphlets critical of the Bri...Unfortunately, as computers get more sophisticated, so do the crimes committed with them. Distributed Denial of Service Attacks, ILOVEYOU and other viruses, Domain Name Hijacking, Trojan Horses, and Websites shut down are just a few of the hundreds of documented attack types generated by computers against other computers. Managers of information systems should understand computer forensics. Forensics is the process of using scientific knowledge for collecting, analyzing, and presenting evidence to the courts. Forensics deals primarily with the recovery and analysis of latent evidence. Latent evidence can take many forms, from fingerprints left on a window to DNA evidence recovered from bloodstains to the files on a hard drive. Computer forensics can be used to uncover potential evidence in many types of cases including, for example: ·Copyright infringement ·Industrial espionage ·Money laundering ·Piracy ·Sexual harassment ·Theft of intellec tual property ·Unauthorized access to confidential information ·Blackmail ·Corruption ·Decryption ·Destruction of information ·Fraud ·Illegal duplication of softwareThe three main steps in computer forensics are...

Literature based case studies of challenges of international project Study

Literature based studies of challenges of international project in China - Case Study Example This remains to be one of the problems that make it very hard for international teams to succeed in China. Usually, project teams in China, which are sponsored by foreign firms always, have team leaders from the foreign nations and the rest of the team made of the local people. In this regard, the leaders are likely to have different expectations from the local people. This is especially so with regard to software development projects where the foreign team leaders may have too many expectations (Xue et al, 2005). The leaders may have too high expectations for the local people, usually requiring them to complete projects in a few weeks, projects that should otherwise be done in a few months. This difference in expectations is fueled by some stereotypes such as the Chinese being regarded as hardworking people who can finish tasks in very short periods. Many software development projects have been outsourced in China and faced this kind of problems especially where the managers have the idea that they can use the Chinese software engineers to complete in a few weeks, what could be done in a few months. A good example of this is the Intentia AB which is a Sweden based ERP vendor. The firm was the leading ERP provider for the CosmetiCO, which is a Beijing based cosmetic manufacturer and distributor. Like many IT and Software Project, this project failed badly, and the customers were left with no useful ERP to be able to manage its operations. The managers of the project were too demanding on the local software expert’s and their expectations were too high. As a result, the local employees, not being able to argue with the project managers were left frustrated and in most cases where project targets were not met, they were too afraid to inform the project managers. Power distance is another issue that is a major factor for success in the Chinese project execution environment (Steers, 2010). Power distance refers to the point of how much people of

Costa Coffee Enters France Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Costa Coffee Enters France - Essay Example Coffee culture in France is rather old; even prominent historical writers have been known to mention a cafe or two in their accurate descriptions of the French revolution. Therefore, coffee businesses are ubiquitous in France; one can find a coffee shop in almost every street corner in the nation’s capital. Most of them are high-end, chic cafes, with lots of decorated interior designs and room for interaction with one’s acquaintances. These types of shops can mostly be found in places like Saint Germaine as well as the Left Bank, which also has a high concentration of elegant coffee shops. Typically, a French cafe will have both an indoor and outdoor setting with plenty of wooden interior designs and an intimate atmosphere all around. Cakes, pastries or sandwiches may be available but most consumers go into these shops for the coffee; espresso in small cups is their preferred choice while others may choose different versions of the espresso and cream. Most French waiters in these cafes seem ambivalent about meeting consumer needs and may even appear arrogant to foreign nations. Smoking used to be a distinct aspect of coffee culture in France but after its ban, most patrons prefer to smoke in the outdoor section of the cafes. Overall, the ambiance of cafes makes coffee cultures predominantly unique in France; people think of coffee drinking as a ritual to be enjoyed. Waiters care little about turnover rates, so patrons have the freedom to sit in as long as they like while catching up with friends. The cafe is a social meeting place and reflects the unhurried nature of French culture in comparison to other western societies.